Mexican and Italian foods Essay Example for Free

Mexican and Italian nourishments Essay Numerous Mexican and Italian nourishments are fundamentally the same as and still, the readied dishes of every nation have particular and striking flavors. The two nations use meats, grains, and produce that are developed locally to set up their dinners. Be that as it may, Italian nourishments are territorial and Mexican food is local to the entire nation. A considerable lot of the flavors for enhancing are the equivalent, however they are utilized with a blend of various fixings and the nourishments are arranged in an unexpected way. Dishes from the two nations regularly use sauces, however every nation actualizes the utilization of their sauces distinctively to upgrade the kind of the last dish. On the off chance that you appreciate cooking or eating, investigating the likenesses and contrasts among Mexican and Italian nourishments will entice anyone’s sense of taste. The cause and impacts of Mexican and Italian nourishments Authentic Mexican food sources are local to the nation and the Pueblo Indians. Corn was developed by the Pueblo’s and numerous Mexican plans require corn based claims to fame, for example, tacos, enchiladas, tamales and quesadillas. Beans are likewise a staple food in the Mexican culture. Produce that is developed in the nation like avocados, tomatoes and green and red peppers are likewise utilized in their plans to add pizzazz to their tasty nourishments. The meat of decision that is utilized in a significant number of their dishes is pork, however meat is once in a while the point of convergence of the supper. It’s utilized more to add substance and flavor to the food. Bona fide Italian nourishments shift by locale. The Tuscan area utilizes nearby created nourishments like produce, smooth cheeses, and game meats like pig, deer and bunny. Beans are likewise a staple of that locale. Rome is known for its generous soups, sheep and pasta dishes. The fundamental staples of Italy in progressively broad terms are vegetables, grains, vegetables and cheeses. The essential eating routine in Italy is called â€Å"la cucina povera† which mean â€Å"poor people groups food. † The flavors and oils utilized in Mexican and Italian nourishments Mexican nourishments will in general be hot. Numerous individuals mistake the hotness for the vibe of warmth. Cinnamon, saffron, cumin is a portion of the regular flavors utilized in Mexican dishes. Grease is utilized in conventional dishes like tamales. As a matter of fact an exceptionally modest quantity is utilized in singing their food. Fat is liked and really important to deliver a portion of the legitimate flavors known to Mexican food. A portion of the regular flavors utilized in Italian dishes are saffron, cinnamon, nutmeg, rosemary and sage. Cinnamon is utilized in a lasagna dish made with cinnamon scented and sauteed chicken gizzards called Vircisgrassi. Olive oil is a staple in the cooking procedure and on the table. Focal and Southern locales incline toward a dull green olive oil which is once squeezed while Northern districts favor brilliant olive oil. Planning and utilization of sauces in Mexican and Italian nourishments Mexican dishes are commonly singed or stove heated. Meats are normally bubbled and destroyed since they are generally utilized in dishes instead of as an independent dinner. Sauces are frequently utilized in cooking, however once in a while, is extra sauce included before serving. In any case, once in a while sauces are served as an afterthought for plunging. Most of Italian dishes are cooked on the burner. Meats are normally flame broiled, wine braised or simmered. Italian dishes are known for their rich and thick sauces utilized in to top their pasta. Numerous individuals consider tomato based sauces when they consider Italian dishes, yet indeed, a considerable lot of the sauces are cream based. Mexican and Italian nourishments are well known in the United States. American’s have adjusted the plans as they would prefer. Plans that have been adjusted are alluded to as Mexican-American or Italian-American food not to be mistaken for bona fide Mexican or Italian dishes. Ethnic nourishments, for example, these are well known in the assorted American culture. Works Cited Furfaro, Rosemary. Ethnic Cuisine: Italy. 2008. Sallys Place. 13 October 2008 http://www. sallys-place. com/food/cooking styles/italy. htm. Peyton, James. Every now and again Asked Questions About Mexican Cooking. 1999-2000. Mexican Food Cooking and Recipes. 13 October 2008 http://lomexicano. com/faq_mexican_food_cooking__recipes. htm.

Explain the difference between rule Free Essays

Clarify the distinction between rule, act and inclination utilitarianism (25 imprints) Utilitarianism is the moral hypothesis behind Justifying an activity for being for more noteworthy's benefit. This is a teleological hypothesis since it takes a gander at the results of an activity. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist hypothesis. We will compose a custom exposition test on Clarify the distinction between rule or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now There are three sorts of utilitarianism: Act, Rule and Preference. Jeremy Bentham started the Utilitarianism hypothesis. Utilitarianism is a decadent hypothesis since it depends on joy and satisfaction. Every utilitarian has an alternate hypothesis of Utilitarianism and this will be clarified in my paper. First there was Jeremy Bentham the one to think about the Utilitarianism hypothesis. Bentham was a demonstration Utilitarian. Bentham was keen on the rule of utility, this is the hypothesis of convenience that recommends that an activity is correct in the event that it brings the best satisfaction for the best number. He built up his moral framework dependent on old indulgence, which scrutinized physical delight and maintained a strategic distance from physical torment. Bentham accepted that an ethical demonstration is one that amplifies joy and limits torment. From this Jeremy Bentham developed something many refer to as the ‘hedonic calculus’ this was his method of estimating the great and terrible of an activity. Bentham stated: the guideline of utility means to advance satisfaction, which is the incomparable moral value†¦ A demonstration is correct in the event that it conveys more joy than torment and wrong on the off chance that it realizes more torment than delight. ‘ To help individuals pick what might have the most ideal outcome, Bentham gave a method of estimating it. This is the ‘hedonic calculus’. There are seven components: the power of the delight; the span of the joy; the conviction of the joy; the remoteness of the joy; the possibility of progression of joys; the immaculateness of the joy and finally he degree of the joy. Bentham created this to assist individuals with weighing up and measure how much joy an activity will deliver. Bentham was keen on the ‘greatest useful for the best number’ and in this manner his hypothesis is quantitative. Bentham’s see is portrayed as Act Utilitarianism. Act Utilitarianism is Eudemonistic in light of the fact that activities depend on the bliss it brings; Consequentialist on the grounds that the results an activity will realize and furthermore Act Utilitarianism is quantifiable (by the libertine analytics) and furthermore quantitative on the grounds that its dependent on the ‘greatest umber’. Act Utilitarianism is teleological on the grounds that it intends to augment the delight of the dominant part and has an end point. Act Utilitarianism is likewise relative because of the way that there is no thought of outright set in stone. Then again, Stuart Mill didn’t concur with Bentham’s Act Utilitarianism. Factory focused on that bliss was a higher priority than joy. Plant stated: ‘The Greatest advance satisfaction, off-base as they will in general produce the converse of happiness’. Here Mill is proposing that joy is the significance when taking a gander at an ethical activity. Something that Mill additionally censured about Bentham’s see was the quantitative accentuation. Plant imagined that activities ought to be estimated in a subjective manner rather than quantitative way. Factory was keen on the nature of the delight. Factory took a gander at scholarly delights, for example, understanding verse and not joys, for example, eating or engaging in sexual relations. To include, Mill considered the distinction between creature delight and human joy. He stated: ‘ It is smarter to be an individual disappointed than a pig satisfied†¦ ‘ Furthermore, Mill recommended that so as to determine the guideline of the best appiness for the best number we ought to have a standard of all inclusiveness. Plant accepted that we need moral standards to create social request and Justice these guidelines ought to be followed all around. Factory was consequently observed as a Rule Utilitarian. Rule Utilitarianism is Consequentialist as is Act Utilitarianism; Rule Utilitarianism is Universalistic and furthermore subjective. Rule Utilitarianism is deontological because of the way that rules take need. It is likewise relative since activities depend on the augmentation of joy for a specific culture where the principles are utilized. Differentiating to Act and Rule Utilitarianism there is Preference Utilitarianism; this is the latest type of Utilitarianism. R. M. Rabbit, Peter Singer and Richard Brandt all have various perspectives however they are all Preference Utilitarianists. Inclination Utilitarian’s Judge moral activities as per whether they fit in with the inclinations of the people in question. R. M Hare’s approach contends that when settling on the choice on whether an activity is correct or wrong we should think about our own inclinations and those of others. Bunny stated: ‘equal inclinations check similarly, whatever their content’. One issue is that occasionally people’s inclinations may conflict along these lines Hare recommended that we ought to ‘stand in somebody else’s shoes’ and attempt to envision what they would like. Rabbit feels that individuals should treat other with fairness and he contends for universalisability. Subside Singer was additionally a Preference Utilitarian however he proposes that we should take the perspective of a fair-minded observer. Artist stated: ‘our own inclinations can't check anything else than the inclinations of others’ thus, in acting ethically, we should assess all the individuals influenced by our activities. Step by step instructions to refer to Explain the distinction between rule, Papers

Tips For Combining Descriptive Short Essay Samples

Tips For Combining Descriptive Short Essay SamplesYou don't have to be a college graduate to find the right combination of descriptive short essay samples that can give you the edge over your competition. A good idea is to make sure that when you write your writing, the body of the work itself has adequate structure, but that you also work on the presentation of ideas so that the body itself can be flexible enough to incorporate information from a variety of sources.You have the option of reading everything in context or looking at some of the descriptive short essay samples online, which should give you the best opportunity to understand the writer's point of view. Most writers, when they take the time to go through a variety of examples and compare them with their own writing, will be able to see the sections that need work and begin making a plan for how to turn the rough draft into a more polished piece.In order to make the writing of your essay simple and memorable, there are a few ideas you should consider. You might think about using a personal story, which can help to connect the concept you're trying to communicate with a real person, as well as create an emotional connection between the reader and the writing.The personal story might be used throughout the essay, and when you're writing a section, you might consider adding a sub-section or a summary of some of the best points from the story. Using a simple writing device like a picture or a quote can help the reader to keep the information they're absorbing from the story and put it to good use. The essay can be finished quickly and easily, but can also gain some extra elements by using a picture or a quotation that illustrates some of the key points.Many of the online short essay samples also help by providing a link that allows the reader to go directly to the source material. They are also great for working with a particular topic, so that you can quickly and easily put together a sample for one of the areas in your writing. Thiscan help to keep the short essays flowing and work well to establish a new concept, too.Some of the descriptive short essay samples can also be used to help with the overall presentation of ideas in your writing. For example, if you're writing about a particular business or product line, you might want to include pictures of products or logos that illustrate what a particular product or service can do for people. You might also take advantage of a few descriptive short essay samples to help with the effects of music or art.A sentence might be read, which should immediately put the sentence into context. It may help to do this after the next paragraph, so that the short essay samples are easily integrated into the article. In order to make the idea of each section work well together, it is a good idea to add some descriptive short essay samples to help with the process.Writing a short essay is easy, but you want to ensure that it can stand on its own w ithout having too many clashing themes or ideas. With these descriptions, it will help to make sure that all of the elements work together properly and are written in a way that makes the concepts easy to understand. The combination of all of the descriptive short essay samples is almost always a winner.

Rhetorical Analysis Drunk Driving Essay - 1482 Words

Corey Friedman’s Lawmakers Target Drunk Drivers, appeared in North Carolina’s â€Å"Wilsons Daily Times† on February 18, 2013. In his essay, Friedman, explains new bills and laws that are trying to get passed by North Carolina’s congress. They will target and prevent drunk driving across the state by developing harsher laws and consequences for those found guilty of these offenses. Friedman uses many different perspectives on the issue by restating various North Carolina state representatives, and various group advocates among Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). These many opinions on the new bills proposed to the North Carolina state legislature proved significant recognition of the issue by many across the state along with Friedman.†¦show more content†¦The audience that Friedman is trying to target are North Carolina citizens, by addressing the issue, and revealing the significance of drunk driving laws to prove that there are advocates acros s the state working to help aid in prevention, and create harsher consequences for those who commit and have been convicted of this crime. Friedman’s article has a serious tone and expresses empathy towards drunk driving as it seems to be a topic of importance to him. It is almost as if he has been effected by this awful crime and wants to raise awareness and help aid in preventing drunk driving across the state. This remains clear throughout the article by vividly expressing the current bills being proposed to create these new laws and consequences. I chose this article by, Corey Friedman, to help me throughout my research, because of his seriousness and his empathy on the subject. I was also able to learn about current laws being proposed to aid in prevention and development of harsher consequences for the many who commit these crimes. Freidman has a great article, but I feel that it fails to represent both points of view among those who commit the crime and those who were victims of this crime. As for me, I have experienced both sides in the past several years. Two years ago my best friend was killed by a drunk driver in a tragic accident. A bystander was also severely injured in the tragedy and is no longer able to walk, talk or eat by himself. People will have toShow MoreRelatedThe Topic Of Drunk Driving Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyzing the rhetorical appeals from three different authors published in three different journals on the topic of drunk driving, the different rhetorical strategies used by each to achieve their writing goals quickly became obvious. Both Stephen L. 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Pastiche, like parody, involves the imitation or, better still, the mimicry of other styles (Jameson 113), but in contrast to parody, the compilation of both the forms and the contents of anterior texts is neither necessarily criticalRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesReasons ................................................................................................ 236 Deceiving with Loaded Language ................................................................................................... 238 Using Rhetorical Devices .................................................................................................................. 240 Review of Major Points .............................................................................................Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestheory focuses attention on the human issues in organization ‘There is nothing so practical as a good theory’ How Roethlisberger developed a ‘practical’ organization theory Column 1: The core contributing social sciences Column 2: The techniques for analysis Column 3: The neo-modernist perspective Column 4: Contributions to business and management Four combinations of science, scientific technique and the neo-modernist approach reach different parts of the organization Level 1: Developing the organizationRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics

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Comparison Of Greek And Ancient Chinese Concepts Of Logic

According to James Allen, the aim of logic is to validate an argument (351). But under the differences of various cultures, how is this definition achieved? In Chinese and Greek rhetoric, or what we have come to generalize as the term rhetoric, an examination of logic can show how critical a role it took in both cultures and how enduring those concepts have been. Before a comparison between Greek and Ancient Chinese concepts of logic can be made, it is important to note that discussing rhetoric in this fashion is difficult because of disparities in translation. In fact, the term rhetoric doesn t clearly encompass the discourse of Ancient China due to the fact that this generalized word is a Western invention. Therefore, the use of logic†¦show more content†¦The School of Ming appeared to focus on logic and reasoning, but the contemporaries of Confucius often tended to use the term bian more frequently and offered an inclusion of logic and rational argument in its meaning (454). While ming is mostly focused on truth, bian appears to absorb this and many other factors of argument and speech. So, for the sake of specificity in this essay, the focus for logic should remain on ming but also how the other terms function within its realm. Ming, in the most basic sense, was coined by Confucius, who described the term as the rectification of names and also claimed that if names are not rectified, speech will not be smooth (Lu 82). To rectify is to make right or to correct something, so in the scope of logic, ming would seem to suggest that logic follows in the correct discourse of the speaker. We can be sure that within the realm of logic, truth would be of importance, and truth is what is correct. It is difficult to capture the true meaning of a term like ming without looking at the various ways that the term was used in ancient China. On one hand, ming represented proper expression, and in another, it was referred to as honor by Laozi (Lu 82). But what does this have to do with logic? In Mingjia, Deng Xi was

Theories of Ageing free essay sample

This theory assumes a positive relationship between activity and life satisfaction. One theorist suggests that activity enables older adults to be able to adjust to retirement. The critics of this theory state that it overlooks the inequalities in health and economics that hinders the ability for older people to engage in such activities. Also, some older adults do not desire to engage in new challenges. Activity theory reflects the functionalist perspective that the equilibrium that an individual develops in middle age should be maintained in later years. The theory predicts that older adults that face role loss will substitute former roles with other alternatives. The activity theory is one of three major psychosocial theories which describe how people develop in old age. The other two psychosocial theories are the disengagement theory, with which the activity comes to odds, and the continuity theory which modifies and elaborates upon the activity theory and though in recent years the acceptance activity theory has diminished, it is still used as a standard to compare observed activity and life satisfaction patterns. In relation to my individual, when they reach the Elderly life stage they will probably stay active and socialize with other individuals instead of hiding away as they are a confident person with a large group of friends and family members around them to keep them interacting. However, there is a chance that this might not be the case because there could be a knock to their self-esteem because there will be things that they aren’t going to be able to carry on doing as they get older. For example, if they aren’t able to get around as easy as before to socialize then they might disengage from society. Disengagement theory The theory was formulated by Cumming and Henry in 1961 in the book Growing Old, and it was the first theory of aging that social scientists developed. Therefore, this theory has historical significance in gerontology. Since then, it has faced strong criticism since the theory was proposed as innate, universal, and unidirectional. This theory of aging states that aging is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between the aging person and others in the social system he belongs to. The theory claims that it is natural and acceptable for older adults to withdraw from society. The disengagement theory is one of three major psychosocial theories which describe how people develop in old age. The other two major psychosocial theories are the activity theory and the continuity theory, and the disengagement theory comes to odds with both. Continuity theory This theory of normal aging states that older adults will usually maintain the same activities, behaviors, personalities, and relationships as they did in their earlier years of life. According to this theory, older adults try to maintain this continuity of lifestyle by adapting strategies that are connected to their past experiences. The continuity theory is one of six major psychosocial theories which describe how people develop in old age. The other two psychosocial theories are the disengagement theory, with which the continuity theory comes to odds, and the activity theory upon which the continuity theory modifies and elaborates. Unlike the other two theories, the continuity theory uses a life course perspective to define normal aging. The continuity theory can be classified as a micro-level theory because it relates to the individual, and more specifically it can be viewed from the functionalist perspective in which the individual and society try to obtain a ‘state of equilibrium’. The major criticism for the theory is its definition of normal aging. The theory distinguishes normal aging from pathological aging, neglecting the older adults with chronic illness. However, Feminist theories attack the continuity theory for defining normal aging around a male model. One weakness of the theory is that it fails to demonstrate how social institutions impact the individuals and the way they age. Since this theory is just an extension to the Activity theory, this also applies to my individual. They would hope to carry on/continue with the same activities and social events they were involved in when they were younger. Physical changes of Ageing Skins, bones, joints muscles: When a person ages, their skins become thinner, less elastic and an obvious sign; they wrinkle. Also, their bones become less dense which means they are more likely to fracture. An ageing person’s joints can become stiffer which also may make their movement more painful as the cartilage on the end of their bones becomes thinner and the ligaments also start to become looser. Also, their muscles will start to become weaker. Senses: A person’s sense of balance can become impaired and their ability to taste and smell can deteriorate as they age. Also, other deteriorations can be vision and hearing. Hearing deterioration results in the failure to hear high-pitched sounds. Organs: During the ageing process, it isn’t only the skins, bones, joints, muscles and senses that are affected, the organs are affected too. The muscles in a person’s digestive tract start to become weaker which causes a risk of constipation. Cardiovascular system: The cardiovascular system is affected in which, the heart becomes less efficient when it comes pumping blood which results in a rise of blood pressure. During the ageing process a person’s arteries which start to become narrower due to the high cholesterol levels but also the buildup of fatty deposits which can also lead to a rise of blood pressure but also an increased risk of a stroke and heart attack. The fatty deposits which might build up in the arteries could break away which might result in one of the important arteries becoming blocked which can result in coronary heart disease where the victim will have the symptoms such as breathlessness and chest pain. Respiratory system: Changes in a person’s respiratory system will occur too as their respiratory muscles will decline in strength as they age. As a person gets older their lung also might be less efficient. As someone ages they are more likely to develop chronic respiratory disease, for example, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema and bronchitis. Nervous system: There are changes in the nervous system to throughout the ageing process, for example there will be a loss of nerve cells that activate muscles and a decline in the efficiency of neurotransmitters which will increase a person’s risk of developing motor neurone disease, experiencing sensory less and changes to their cognitive function. When there are changes to the nervous system there is a chance they might impair an elderly person’s sense of taste and smell and can also make them less sensitive to the cold, therefore increasing the risk of hypothermia. Effects of smoking Since my individual is a smoker and has been since adolescence/young adulthood and is still a smoker in his adulthood there are many risks to his ageing body as smoking can lead to lung and various other cancers. Also it is associated which cardiovascular disease (it causes the arteries to harden and narrow), damage to the respiratory system (especially the lungs) in the form of COPD and emphysema and also damage to the skin. Psychological changes of Ageing It is hard to generalise the psychological changes that are associated with ageing as each individual is psychologically different, their experiences are unique. However, there are psychologists who have observed some common patterns. An example of this is, those psychologists who use the disengagement theory have suggested that older people gradually disengage/separate from society as a result of the ageing process. The psychologist Erik Erikson (1968) stated that once a person has reached old age they are in the final stage of psychosocial development where they develop a sense of â€Å"ego integrity†. Ego integrity comprises an individual making sense of their life. Therefore holding onto a clear but also meaningful sense of who they are which basically shows that those who have a sense of ego integrity are just individuals in old age trying to protect and keep their independence. Alice Heim (1990) was a psychologist who used her own experiences with ageing in her own study along with the experiences of 160 of her friends and colleagues. In her study it showed that even though she had people within similar cultural and life experiences groups, there were variations in how those people experienced later life. When concluding her study, Heim advocated that confidence in participating in practical tasks decreases in old age, however social confidence increases. This decrease/increase conclusion is one of the contradictions in the ageing process. Ageing process and theories influence on Health Social Care provision Most of the older generations are now deciding to remain in their own homes. They either look after themselves independently or look after themselves but with the support of friends and family and/or social services. There are some older people who choose to move into sheltered accommodation due to the rising costs of maintaining a house because of gas, electricity, food prices etc. Therefore because of the rising costs, the average pension payments wouldn’t cover utility bills and food. Also, there are day centres that provide a social setting where the elderly can socialise with others and meet some of the health authorities that assist with physiotherapy and various other health needs. There is a small proportion of the older generation that decides to go into residential care where they have 24 hour care available. These services seek to endorse choice and they are respectful towards an older person’s preferences and wishes.

Students with Language Problems

Abstract Language disorders that are often referred to as speech disorders interfere with an individual’s ability to speak. Quite often, the conditions are more prevalent to males than females. In addition, there are numerous disorders and each has its own distinct symptoms. The most notable symptoms include prolongation, repetition and blockage of sounds or words. It is evident that language disorders such as stuttering affect communication, a factor that is likely to affect academic performance among students.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Students with Language Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper explores the strategies, augmentative and associative technology devices that can be used to help students in language development and learning. Moreover, it will highlight on communication skills that can be used to teach and help such students during the process of learning so that they match with normal learners. Introduction According to Reed (2011), language disorder is a deficit that inhibits effective passage of communication and language use. Research has shown that language disorder often affects the speech pattern of an individual. There are numerous types of language disorder among students. Moreover, language disorders are often caused by numerous factors such as loss of hearing, neurological impairments or damage of certain parts of the brain that are involved with language development (Chiat, Law Marshall, 2008). There are distinct symptoms that students with language disorders exhibit. For instance, students who have stuttering disorder have difficulties in speaking fluently. It is against this backdrop that this paper intends to outline the strategies that are used to help students with language problems and also augment the assistive technological devices that can be used to foster language development (Vinson, 2011). Moreover, this paper will also explore the communications skills which a teacher should use to help such students. Strategies to use while working with students with language problems Whitaker (2009) argues that language problems among students can be grouped into several categories that are related to communication. For instance, there are problems associated with hearing, speech, language development and fluency. However, the most common disorder is the speech impairment that involves articulation and voice. In this case, articulation involves numerous aspects of speech such as sounds, phonology and syllables. In line with this, there are considerable aspects attached to the voice such as quality, pitch, fluency and intensity (Chiat, Law Marshall, 2008). It is notable that stuttering is a disorder that falls in the category of speech impairment. In this case, the disorder results into interruption of the fluency in speech. It is important to note that majority of the students who suffer from the disorder get affected right from childhood. In most cases, students who develop such a disorder in their childhood stage may experience the condition persisting to adulthood. This impairment inhibits communication by causing lack of proper fluency when communicating (Reed, 2011). It is characterized by repetition of sounds and extension of speech sound that occur unintentionally. In most cases, students with stuttering disorder often pause in their speech since they are unable to produce specific sounds at some point while communicating with other people (Fletcher Miller, 2005).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is imperative to note that communication is crucial and acts as a gateway to gaining educational experience among students. In this case, a teacher should understand and identify eligible students who have language problems (Vinson, 2011). As a matter of fact, a teacher sho uld be in a position to come up with appropriate strategies that can be used to help students with such difficulties to learn. These strategies involve applicable support and services that can be provided to students in order to foster proper language development or even cope with the impairment (Whitaker, 2009). However, it is worth noting that the level and type of speech disorders vary from one student to the other. This implies that strategies to be used will be determined by the type of language disorder (Reed, 2011). In this case, it is imperative that the teacher should have a diagnostic criterion that will enable him/her to identify a particular disorder in a student. This is important since certain language disorders might become empirically validated in students especially if there are no other factors that are likely to affect their language development (Reed, 2011). In this case, teachers should take time to discern language disorders that are inconsequential among stude nts yet they are likely to affect learning. Whitaker (2009) comprehends that a teacher should have a referral checklist when he notes the type of disorder, behavior associated with it and how often the problem becomes noticeable. Moreover, in a referral checklist, the teacher records the student’s reactions, peer reactions and even the referral reactions. Consequently, after a careful assessment and screening, the teacher should be capable to identify intervention measures that will be relevant to the student’s problem (Fletcher Miller, 2005). Intervention measures are one of the crucial strategies that help a teacher to work effectively with students who have language disorders (Rhea, 2007). Notably, these measures are arrived at after a professional consensus is made in regard to the existing problem. It is imperative to mention that intervention measures are mutually inclusive in the sense that both the school administration, teachers and the student must come toge ther in order to provide a remedy for the problem (Chiat, Law Marshall, 2008). As a teacher, one should make the student recognize and accept that he or she has a communication disorder and confirm that the situation can be improved. Moreover, the teacher should take a major role in helping a student to modify behaviors that are associated with the disorder. At this juncture, it is imperative to mention that most of language disorders require behavioral intervention rather than pharmacological measures (Reed, 2011). A teacher should formulate intervention objectives that will act as a guide in the process of helping a student to learn and develop language effectively. Intervention objectives should be detailed and include strategies that a teacher will use to help a student to learn and manage existing behavior. That’s notwithstanding, a teacher need to identify skills and techniques that to be used in order to improve communicative performance of a student.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Students with Language Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, such skills and techniques should foster the student’s ability on language use (Fletcher Miller, 2005). Succinctly, a teacher should opt to use techniques and skills that will eventually boost the student’s meta-cognitive, meta-pragmatic and meta-linguistic abilities. Besides this, self-regulated strategies are crucial in helping learners to improve their language skills. In this case, students with language problems should also take the initiative to identify their weaknesses in language such as difficulties in pronouncing certain sounds or words (Fletcher Miller, 2005). Students with language disorders should also have personal goals meant to boost functional communication skills. Research has shown that self-regulated strategies should conform to the day-to-day demands of learning, communication and language skill enhancement (Argye, 2002). There are cognitive strategies which a student can apply to improve his language use abilities. However, teachers should work along with learners in order to make this strategy effective. In cognitive strategies, teachers should encourage learners to exercise bottom-up strategy that involves repeating words that a student has difficulties in pronouncing (Rhea, 2007). In this case, a teacher needs to ensure that a student understand and pronounce words in selected texts until he is able to do it without problems. This strategy calls for authentic practice that is continuous and reinforcing (Whitaker, 2009). This gives a student an opportunity to learn how to chunk words, pause and intonation of particular speech pattern. Cognitive strategy is important and effective for students who stutter. However, through reinforces practice, students eventually acquire skills that enable them to improve their communication ability. In this case, they are able to consistently monitor their speech fluency, pitch and the physical tension when communicating (Chiat, Law Marshall, 2008). Speech pathologists recommend that students with stuttering disorder should begin with slow rate speech exercise. This involves reading, pronouncing and constructing short phrases and sentences. Eventually, students develop a natural rate of smooth speech and the speed improves with time. Speech pathologists highly discourage punishment and permissive speaking environments since they are likely to discourage students to learn language skills. There are social strategies that can be used to help students with language problems to learn. Chiat, Law and Marshall (2008) assert that language learning and development should not be considered as an individual activity. Instead, it should be considered as a social activity where individuals with mixed abilities interact and mentor each other. In a learning environment, students and teachers should interact, share ideas and help each other. In most cases, students develop and learn language from clarifications made by the teacher (Fletcher Miller, 2005).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Students who stutter are often forced to repeat certain words and sentences for verification. This provides a room for correction by the teacher. Needless to say, there are students who use aberrant behavior as a means of communication and thus a teacher should interact with them to understand them (Reed, 2011). Ideally, speech pathologists recommend schools to seek for therapeutic intervention in order to assist students with acute speech disorders such as stuttering. At this point, speech therapy calls for integrative strategies where the teachers need to consult the parents of the students. This approach emphasizes that teachers should accommodate students with language disorder and as well look for ways in which they can help them to learn (Chiat, Law Marshall, 2008). To a larger extent, this has to do with how teachers administer instructions to students with communication disorders. Instructions given in classroom should match with the pace in which a student is able to learn . Therefore, once a teacher identifies that a student has a speech disorder, he should modify the instruction environment such that the learner is not left out or feels neglected (Reed, 2011). In addition, it is highly advisable for teachers to work closely with parents or guardians of learners with speech problems so that the best learning techniques can be devised for them. This implies that a collective approach will help to reinforce what the student learns in class and at home. It is advisable to seek help and support from experts and service providers who have more experience in dealing with students with speech impairments (Whitaker, 2009). These include vocational instructors, counselors and speech pathologist. To a larger extent, such specialists will help to achieve developmental goals meant to help students improve language skills. Augmentative and assistive technology devices for language development Augmentative communication devices act an alternative for students with language impairments. In this case, students use receptive language that helps them to overcome difficulties resulting from any form of speech disorder (Fletcher Miller, 2005). Often, this form of communication is used by students with language developmental delays, autism and poor oral expression. Such form of communication can be accomplished by use of assistive technology devices. It is important to highlight that augmentative communication involves use of signs, symbols and signals other than speech. It is also worth mentioning that speech can be classified in terms symbols that is aided and that which is not aided. Aided symbols require external devices in order to communicate effectively as opposed to non-aided symbols (Chiat, Law Marshall, 2008). External devices can be classified as high-tech and low-tech. Therefore, there are numerous types of assistive devices that can be used to assist students with language development problems. Nevertheless, such devices depend on sp ecific needs of a student. This is due to the fact that there are student with simple problems whereas there are those with complex language dysfunctions. Therefore, it is important to analyze the strengths and needs of a student before making a selection on the devices to use. Factors considered include the student’s sensory-motor integration, interests, cognitive functioning, fine motor skills and the level of receptive communication (Reed, 2011). Examples of non-aided technology include use of signposts, gestures and facial expressions. On the other hand, aided technological devices include use of real objects, Braille’s, animated pictures and miniature objects (Whitaker, 2009). Notably, all the aided tools can be used together with low-tech devices to facilitate communication and learning among students. Moreover, unaided system of communication require that both communication party to be present and in same location (Whitaker, 2009). Examples of low-tech devices i nclude communication boards, eye gaze boards, clock scans and communication binders (Reed, 2011). There are students who are non-language impaired and thus can use talking switch that will enable them to participate in leading especially during group study. On the other hand, high-tech devices are usually computerized to enhance speech development. Research has shown that such devices provide students with a broad range of communication possibilities though this is not always the case (Fletcher Miller, 2005). For instance, digitalized communication tools aids one to synthesize and tape-record speech. It is apparent that Assistive technology devices compensates for the impairments that a student might have in his expressive abilities. Whitaker (2009) complement that these devices are crucial in the fact that they help to maintain a natural and functional level of communication. Nonetheless, it is important to point out that each assistive technology has its own strength and weakness es. For instance, researchers argue that Electronic fluency devices often alter the auditory input. Additionally, it also provides modified auditory feedback between communicating parties and this can result into mixed results and eventually lead to undesired outcome (Rice Warren, 2004). Communication skills used to teach learners diagnosed with language problems In most cases, there are needs that a teacher can handle individually until the student’s language skills become fully functional (Vinson, 2011). Therefore, there is need to use multiple communication approaches that will be geared towards developing an emblematic communicative interface. Communication skills should be geared to improve the student’s cognitive ability to interpret and understand instructions (Chiat, Law Marshall, 2008). Notably, there are numerous aspects of effective communication skills such as listening, speaking and observation. Communication is a process and thus has abstract and concre te systems in it. It is evident that communication is multi-modal and it is a complex process (Reed, 2011). In this case, for a teacher to be able to teach students with language problem effectively there are numerous tools he has to use in classroom situations. Hence, teachers should use facial expressions, gestures, vocalizations, speech and objects (Rice Warren, 2004). Observation skills are crucial for a teacher since he is able to identify and discerns student’s needs, interests and altitude in the learning process (Hulme Snowling, 2009). Therefore, successful communication depends on the skills of both the teacher and the students. It is therefore important for a teacher to modify his communication skills to ensure that students understand and give appropriate feedback (Reed, 2011). Additionally, use of listening skills allows learners to develop proficiency on language use. In this case, the student and the teacher should keenly listen to each other as they interact repetitively. This gives the teacher an opportunity to note and analyze the weakness of a student and thus he is able to select appropriate intervention measures to help the student (Fletcher Miller, 2005). Appropriate communication skills motivate learners to learn especially when the teacher is able to understand and respond to the needs on a student in classroom. In this case, appropriate choice of vocabularies is important and it should reflect or match with the student’s mental age (Reed, 2011). Eventually, students with language disorder such as stuttering develop communication interaction skills such as turn-taking, attention and communication styles geared towards helping a learner who has serious language problem.. Conclusion To recap it all, it is vital to reiterate that language disorder is a deficit that inhibits proper communication. Language disorders can be associated with issues that affect speech fluency, pronunciation, and prolonged sound. Notably, language disorders range from simple to complex and their severity varies in degrees from one individual to another. Examples of distinguished disorders include stuttering, speech apraxia and dysarthria. There are strategies that can be used to help students with language problems to cope with associative problems. These strategies include referrals, screening, cognitive, social and integrated approaches. All these strategies can be termed to as intervention measures. Moreover, there are augmentative and assistive technology devices that can be used to help students with language problems. For instance, it may include use of aided and non-aided tools of communication to foster language development. Technology devices used can be classified as low-tech and high-tech devices. However, the selection of assistive devices for students depends on their strengths and needs. Communication skills play a crucial role in helping learners to develop language skills. Ideally, there is an ongoing researc h to device better ways of helping learners with language problems. References Argye, E. (2002). The Handbook of Adult Language Disorders: Integrating Cognitive Neuropsychology, Neurology, and Rehabilitation. New York; Psychology Press. Chiat, S., Law, J, Marshall, J. (2008).Language Disorders in Children and Adults: Psycholinguistic Approaches to Therapy. London: John Willey Sons. Fletcher, P. Miller, F. (2005). Developmental Theory and Language Disorders. Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing, Inc. Hulme, C. Snowling, J. (2009). Developmental Disorders of Language Learning and Cognition. New York: John Wiley Sons Reed, V. (2011). An Introduction to Children with Language Disorders. Boston: Allyn Bacon, Inc. Rhea, P. (2007). Language Disorders from Infancy Through Adolescence: Assessment Intervention. Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences. Rice, M Warren, F. (2004). Developmental Language Disorders: From Phenotypes to Etiologies. New York: Routledge. Vinson, P. (2011).Presch ool and School-Age Language Disorders. New York: Cengage Learning, Inc. Whitaker ,H. (2009). Concise Encyclopedia of Brain and Language. Amsterdam: Elsevier, Inc. This research paper on Students with Language Problems was written and submitted by user Brylee Franklin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Measurement Issues Associated With Conditional Reasoning Tests Indirect Measurement and Test Faking

Measurement Issues Associated With Conditional Reasoning Tests Indirect Measurement and Test Faking The purpose of the study This is a comprehensive study of the psychical attributes of behavior in organizations. The study aims at exploring a new methodology that has been developed to aid in analyzing and assessing the hidden motives behind behavioral patterns of organizational employees. According to the authors of the article, Conditional Reasoning Tests are favorable since they reduce cognitive biases in the measurement of hidden motives.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Measurement Issues Associated With Conditional Reasoning Tests: Indirect Measurement and Test Faking specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The biases are associated with the ancient self-report surveys that have been used for an extended period. Conditional Reasoning Tests utilize indirect measurements that help to reduce the chances of a person knowing that his or her personality is being subjected to a test. According to the authors of the article, Conditional Reasoning Tests are used to measure an attribute of organizational behavior that is critical, yet it has been sidelined for a long time by corporate managers. While CRTs avoid measuring the mental capabilities of employees in organizations, they are designed to unearth the motivations behind certain behaviors that are exhibited by organizational employees. Such behaviors are founded in the personalities of individuals and steer the kind of responses and actions that they take in the organization (LeBreton et al., 2007). LeBreton et al. (2007) seek to ascertain that Conditional Reasoning Tests are subjected to measurement issues that are bound to affect the manner in which the tests are portrayed by the respondents. Therefore, the study is split into three tests that are aimed at exploring all the measurement issues that come with CRTs. The first study focused on the essence of sticking to indirect assessments in the administration of CRTs. The second study explored the possibility of result faking by the respondents when the assessment purpose was withheld. The third study focused on the comparison of tests for aggression in CRTs. The argument in the study As observed in the preceding section, the researchers in this article aimed at exploring the seemingly newer method of determining the behavioral patterns of employees by factoring the relative test of personality without the knowledge of the respondents or the employees. The authors dwell on two main perspectives of applying the Conditional Reasoning Tests in organizations. These are the relevance of holding to indirect assessments while applying the tests and the implication of withholding assessment tests on the nature and validity of responses that are given by the respondents. The authors also try to bring out the essence of utilizing the Conditional Reasoning Tests in organizations, as well as the issue of managing impression in organizations as it comes out in traditional methods of manag ing behaviors in organizations like self-report surveys.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An exploration of literature by the employees indicates tendencies by the employees to justify their behaviors even when such behaviors appear to be irrational to other people (LeBreton et al., 2007).  According to the authors, the variation in the behaviors of individuals has a profound effect on the work practices within organizations. This reiterates the need to determine the causative factors for the conduct of employees. This is what is explored by the authors in the article. Hidden elements of individual personalities play a critical role in shaping the nature of actions and interactions of people in organizations. The hidden elements of personality can be effectively brought out through the application of Conditional Reasoning Tests as opposed to the use of self-report surveys , which seem overrated in the contemporary psychological organizations (LeBreton et al., 2007). Findings of the research The structuring of the research into different parts helped to ascertain the varied degrees of the validity of the application of CRTs in determining the motivational factors behind certain behaviors. The findings of the research point to the fact that Conditional Reasoning Tests are more efficient that self-report surveys as they depict the influence of personalities of individuals on latent motives behind their behaviors. Individual reasoning, which has a profound impact on the behavior of an individual, is shaped by the inward personality of the individual depicted by the level of aggression. Individuals with higher levels of aggression portray behaviors that are bound to be harmful to other employees, yet they still seek to rationalize the set of behaviors that they represent. Such individuals are called justifiers who are identified through the deployment of the Justification of Aggression Scale used in CRTs. The findings indicate that there is no relationship between the cognitive ability of an individual and the conditional reasoning test (LeBreton et al., 2007). LeBreton et al. (2007) observe that the disclosure of the assessments’ purpose in CRTs results in the faking of responses and it is undesirable in identifying the underlying motives for behavior. The study indicates that the nature of response to self-personality survey reports by job seekers and the incumbent employees is not isomorphic to the character of employees. Employees are bound to fake their behavior when they learn of the real purpose of the CRTs. Faking is highly minimized in CRTs when indirect measurement is embraced. This makes the CRTs attain the attribute of identifying the reasons behind certain behaviors and the modalities of controlling such actions.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Measurement Issues Associated With Conditi onal Reasoning Tests: Indirect Measurement and Test Faking specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Relating the outcomes of the study to the workplace The contemporary workplace is confronted with a lot of issues, most of which emanate from the behavior of employees in organizations. This study explores a founded model of identifying the psychological motivators of the actions of people in organizations. Organizational behavior is a crucial attribute of organizational performance that implies the essence of understanding the behavior of employees by corporate managers. The employees are considered to be critical resources in the discharge of organizational practices, thus identifying and moderating the behaviors of employees is a crucial determiner of the mood of a given workplace. Understanding the personality of employees through the deployment of Conditional Reasoning Tests can help in understanding the characters of employees. This determines t he individual and interactive behavior of organizational employees. This means that this study is useful to organizational managers, especially the managers who deal with human resource development (LeBreton et al. 2007). How the study can be integrated in the employee selection process Employers continuously seek employees who can match certain tasks in organizations. It is, therefore, important to determine the employees who are best suitable to perform given tasks if an organization wants to attain a desirable level of performance. The process of recruitment is important in any organization since it determines the nature of employees who are captured by an organization. This study depicts a model that can be used to ascertain the personality of recruits, as described in the recruitment process in organizations. Most employees have a tendency of hiding specific attributes of behavior when seeking employment opportunities in organizations. In such cases, an organization may be pred isposed to the practice of such employees later. To avoid such a situation, Conditional Reasoning Tests can be applied as a way of developing a platform on which the behavior of employees can be determined by the managers of the company. Individuals who are highly aggressive can be assigned to tasks that match such level of aggression as determined by the CRTs. Continuous assessment of the personality of employees is critical because contemporary organizations exhibit a high level of dynamism that may sway the behavior of employees. Personality profiles for given sets of jobs can be easily set by basing on the findings of this research. With conditional reasoning tests, the faking personality test results are highly reduced (LeBreton et al., 2007).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Weakness of using only using self-report personality This research attempts to exhibit the validity of utilizing Conditional Reasoning Tests as opposed to the use of self-report personality, which is considered to be inefficient in determining the personality of individuals and their influence on underlying motives and behaviors. The explicit use of self-reports is subjected to some weaknesses that raise the rate of faking results in personality tests. Self-report surveys directly measure the personality attributes of individuals; thus, the level of faking of personality results is quite high. Self-report personality tests have been found to portray results that do not reflect the real personalities of individuals, thereby predisposing organizations to fake characters. Feelings, thoughts, motives and attitudes of individuals tend to be hidden by the individuals who seek to protect some attributes of their behavior. Specific self-report personality tests may take a relatively long ti me, resulting in the loss of interest and tiredness on the side of the employees and causing them to give incorrect responses. Therefore, it can be argued that such tests are subjected to either good faking or bad faking (LeBreton et al., 2007). Reference LeBreton, J. M. et al. (2007). Measurement issues associated with conditional reasoning tests: indirect measurement and test faking. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 1-16.

A personal reflective account Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A personal reflective account - Essay Example It is also essential to note that our team leader adopted a hands-on approach during the entire process and he did this through constantly checking on how the team members were doing as well as helping them where he felt that they were not undertaking their tasks as they were supposed to. Furthermore, the moral support that he gave to the team members played a key role in making the event a success because all of us were encouraged to give our best. Communication played a significant role in our success because the team kept in constant touch to ensure that all went well. This is especially the case where tasks were assigned to different individuals and it was essential to ensure that there was constant coordination of activities so that some members of the team would not be left behind (Paauwe and Boon 2009, p.38). I believe that communication also allowed for greater interaction within the team and it helped in the development of friendships, which helped in enhancing the working environment. The event was a success because the communication that existed within the team allowed its members to understand each other’s strengths and weaknesses; allowing to a smooth transition into working together in such a way that they functioned as if they had known each other all their lives. Communication enhanced the manner through which the team was able to develop a plan for the event and execute it; removing all the potential fri ctions that would have otherwise led to the disruption of the team’s activities (Harrison and Lock 2004, p.34). As a result of the willingness of the team members to communicate with each other, we were able to make the event a success; increasing our potential to do better. During our work on planning and implementation of the event, I was able to recognise both our strengths and weaknesses and this, I believe, will be helpful in our

Education Politics in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education Politics in UK - Essay Example This is also sometimes seen as a form of social control, Education as 'handmaiden': the education system serves the industrial process and the economy by producing a trained workforce, and by providing childminding services, Social change (or 'social engineering'). The education system has been seen as a means of bringing about social change.1 Many social theorists think that for many decades education has suffered through unsuccessful traditional policies to which there always has been a need for fundamental changes in the structure and nature of educational institutions. Educational policies have been dealt with profound and often confrontational debates over the nature and purposes of education in society, particularly those between education, the economy and the nation. The changes initiated during the period altered the power relationships which had underpinned the education system since the 1944 Education Act, which itself had shaped the post-war educational world. Free elementary education was introduced in England in 1870; secondary schools were fee-paying until 1944. 80% of children left after elementary education, which after 1918 finished at 14. The 1944 Education Act introduced free secondary education. ... guments for comprehensives are they reduce the likelihood of discrimination or disadvantage on the basis of class, and that they improve the prospects of children of middling ability. The main argument against is that the selective system may be more consistent with the idea of equality of opportunity. Working class children who went to grammar schools did better than those who go now to comprehensive schools. The current political agenda in the light of educational policies and inclusion require us to analyse the facts behind educational policies highlighting Governmental efforts behind inclusion. When in 1990s Industrial mentoring movement initiated, it involved almost 17,000 pupils in hundreds of British schools to take benefit from those thousands of companies that encouraged their business people and allow them to volunteer as mentors2. From 1994 to 1998, the education was escorted by the European Youthstart Initiative who funded almost a hundred programmes of employment-related guidance, education and training for socially excluded young people in the UK, and the majority of these included mentoring. However, the political extravaganza remain a significant part of the Initiative, where the Institute of Career Guidance (ICG) co-ordinated the Mentoring Action Project (MAP), the largest such programme in Britain to that date3. The MAP remained a success which took over almost one quart er of statutory careers services in England and Wales, thereby allocating mentors to 1,700 young people4. During the same period, the Dalston Youth Project, a voluntary sector scheme working with young black offenders in London's deprived East End, became nationally lauded as an exemplar of mentoring for socially excluded youth. The National Mentoring Network (NMN) in 1994 was

Critical Reflection Essay Example for Free

Critical Reflection Essay Chronic Conversion Disorder Billy Lockhart Troy University- Montgomery, AL Chronic Conversion Disorder In this article the author is doing a case study on a patient known as Ms. T. The article is on Chronic Conversion Disorder Masking Depression and Anxiety: The case of Ms. T. by Dr. Robert C. Kores. A case formulation with therapeutic focus and direction, and follow-up information regarding a patient with somatic concerns is presented. A Conversion Disorder was diagnosed with underlying depression and anxiety. A lack of secure attachment and a nurturing environment were core issues. Family of origin and suppressed feelings and choices, was ridged and hypercritical, rejecting and abusive. The reason for the research was the cause and treatment of a conversion disorder. In this article the Dr. Kores goes through the patient’s life to determine the cause of this disorder. A Conversion Disorder causes patients to suffer from neurological symptoms, such as numbness, blindness, paralysis, or fits without a definable organic cause. It is thought that symptoms arise in response to stressful situations affecting a patients mental health and Conversion disorder is considered a psychiatric disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-5). The author came to the conclusion that Ms. T had grown up in an emotionally challenging home with excessive punishment, ridged rules and forced isolation. She felt disconnected, uninvolved and all alone. When she had married she thought that her husband would not be neglectful. However her husband was emotionally and physically abusive. When she became unable to cope with the abuse she became psychotically depressed and ultimately was psychiatrically hospitalized. She begins to cope by somatic eye closing and head shaking symptoms and was in denial. This led to hysterical blindness in her early thirties. Dr. Kores states that the eye closing may have served as behavior designed to elicit parental support and care and attachment that she never had in early childhood. He then states it could represent â€Å"this is not where I see myself† or â€Å"I cannot see myself here again†. Ms. T. may have viewed herself as a failure as a spouse or adult taking all the blame from the abusive relationship. Ms. T was believed to think she deserved all the â€Å"bad† that was happening to her and she had inadequate problem solving skills. Course of Treatment Dr. Kores states that his therapeutic efforts were directed toward altering her dysfunctional thinking and enhancing her problem solving skills. Dr. Kores used behavioral activation strategies to help her gain more positive reinforcement and increase her social interaction. Dr. Kores had to gain the trust of Ms. T. in order to help her. I believe that the reason this is important to me is because it helps me understand that stress can cause us to react in different ways. In the case of Ms. T. she began to squint her eyes and shake her head. Now if we didn’t know better it could be thought as faking to get attention. However now that I understand what Conversion Disorder is I will never think that again. I think this is important to me because I want to work with veterans someday and I want to be able to help them get through difficult situation that life has thrown at them. References: Troy Library portal, and journal by Dr. Robert C. Kores â€Å"Chronic Conversion Disorder Masking Depression and Anxiety: The Case of Ms. T.†

The Russian Peasant in Pre-Revolutionary Times Essay -- Russian Histor

The Russian Peasant in Pre-Revolutionary Times Russia in the late 19th and early 20th century was riddled with social and economic hardships throughout the countryside and inner cities. The Russian peasant was faced with widespread poverty and poor living conditions throughout their entire life. The economic situation and the living conditions drove the peasants and working class to rebel and begin the Russian revolution that would change the face of the country and impact the world forever. The peasants were the lowest ranking social group in Russia. Some peasants owned tracks of land that they farmed, while others worked nobles’ land for money and food. Peasants had literally no rights under czarist rule. The nobles bought and sold the peasants as needed. The women usually cooked the food, while the men served the nobles and all of their guests. The peasants ate only a few basic foods, which consisted mainly of dark bread, porridge, cereal, or meal boiled in water. Peasant families who owned land normally owned strip farms. In strip farming, tracks of land were divided up into different parcels. Each peasant family in a village had control over a certain number of parcels and they could farm it as necessary. This type of farming was ineffective because the different tracks of land were spread about, sometimes at a distance of miles. This resulted in peasants wasting time â€Å"needless journeys-to-work, consumed land in boundary furrows and headlands, resulted in fields that were too remote to cultivate properly and prevented innovation† (Pallot, 276). This also created tension between neighbors in disputes over confusing land boundaries. Peasants being forced to live together in small villages also increased the risk of... ... scare that swept the world in response to communist Russia. - Edelman, Robert. Proletarian Peasants. New York: Cornell University Press, 1987. - Dunn, Stephen and Ethel Dunn. The Peasants of Central Russia. Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc., 1967 - Worobec, Christine D. Peasant Russia. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1995. - Inkeles, Alex. Social Change in Soviet Russia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968. - Geiger, Kent. The Family in Soviet Russia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968. - Pallot, Judith. â€Å"Imagining the rational landscape in late imperial Russia.† Journal of Historical Geography, 26, 2 (2000): 273-291. Links: http://www.geocities.com/WestHollywood/2163/bolintro.html http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Cyprus/1169/history/revolut.html http://www.historychannel.com

Сase of Microsoft

External factors are considered to be extrinsic to an organization, those over which it has limited or no control. These affect the industry in which the organization is operating. Such as the technological environment in the case of Microsoft which would affect the entire information technology sector. At the same time very powerful and leveraged players in a sector such as Microsoft would be able to shape the external environment to a certain degree by exercising leverages of control such as monopoly over software codes. Despite this it is not possible for companies to affect other major external factors such as the social and political environment. An increasingly important external factor emerging today is environmental protection including laws, policies and stipulations which have to meet international standards. Frequently the most significant external factor is competition. In the embryonic stage of growth of an industry, a company may not encounter competition and would not feel the impact of the same. However an industry which is reaching maturity will be posed greater threat from competition and this factor would have to be considered by the management as it would impinge on growth or even survival. Toyota Motor Co is a salient example wherein its entry into the American as well as the global market has become a major external consideration for all automobile manufacturers in the World, particularly legacy brands as General Motors and Ford in the United States. The political environment of a country also has a major role to play in the growth of any industry. China is the most prominent example of the same. Opening of the Chinese markets to external players has been one of the greatest factors which have contributed to Chinese growth in the past two decades. Internal factors on the other hand can be shaped by the management by providing it positive or negative inputs. These factors could include diverse issues ranging from human resources, branding, financial resources, product development, research, information technology and labor relations. There is a frequent conflict between the inter se priorities of the internal factors. Human resources assume a significant factorial value in many companies today and when linked with research and development will determine on how the company operates in a knowledge economy. IBM thus focuses its attention on a strong human resource base which can contribute to normal operations as well as research and development. Management of financial resources is an important facet which has to be considered deliberately by any company. This will determine a company’s financial viability at a given time. Mismanagement can ruin a company as indicated by the example of Enron which had to go into liquidity due to unethical financial practices of its management. Traditionally it is felt that the management has an overriding control over the internal factors as opposed to external factors, though at times there is a powerful influence of issues such as the social environment on say branding. Many multi nationals find this quite difficult to absorb and even retail giants as Wal-Mart had to adapt their brand to conditions obtained in an external market as France before they could develop their chain in Europe. Information technology absorption has become a powerful internal factor which is affecting expansion of many companies. With development of concepts such as e commerce or e business and enterprise resource planning, it has become increasingly important for an organization to place all its operations on line. While this is clearly an internal factor, its external linkage cannot be ignored. The primary difference as would be seen from the examples above is the degree of control that a management has on factors affecting business. Where the controlling factors are located externally, these are considered as external factors and need to be evaluated accordingly. However where based internally these will be considered within the ambit of internal factors. b. Discuss an example where an organization might be able to increase its control/influence over an external factor. To increase its control over an external factor, management would have to take into consideration a number of factors including at times reviewing the core product profile of the company without sacrificing its overall brand image. Companies as Coca Cola and Pepsi have through their deep penetration in developing countries created conditions where they are able to control the entire soft drinks market in many locations in South and South East Asia altering social preferences and tastes of people. McDonald has been the most leveraged player in altering food and social habits which are external factors in developing countries. It has achieved this by a judicious mix of local products even introducing vegetarian burgers in India along with its traditional Burgers. Having changed its product profile, the company has been able to penetrate many traditionally hostile markets to American food industry. c. Since external factors can impact the profitability of an organization, why do we have financial performance as an internal factor? In determining whether a factor is to be considered as an internal or an external one, the key attribute to be considered is the ability of an organization to develop strategies and responses for growth and the control it has over the same. Applying this parameter would indicate that financial performance is an internal factor. Profitability is just one aspect of financial performance of a company. Profitability not only depends on the external environment including competition, economic factors, money markets and currencies but has greater linkage with internal factors such as liquidity, activity and growth of capital. Profitability of a company is determined by gross and net profit margins, returns on assets and equity which are all considered as a part of internal factors. The structuring of the company finances to include debt and equity ratio which is a purely internal function also has an important role to play in profitability thereby leading to its consideration as an internal factor. d. How does misclassifying an internal factor as an external factor in the EFE impact the analysis? The EFE is a comparative analysis of various factors which affect the external environment of an organization. The evaluation is based on weight age given to each factor based on relative importance. Generally 10 opportunities or threats are considered in an EFE Matrix with each provided a weight age between 0 and 1 out of a sum total of 1 based on impact on profitability. Â  There after ratings are also provided to each factor based on a scale of 1 to 4 with 4 being the best. The weight distribution will be balanced between threats and opportunities and will finally represent the strengths and opportunities in an organization. By including an internal factor the entire evaluation matrix is likely to be skewed by a minimum of 5 to 10 % which would emerge as a major flaw in the EFE, thereby resulting in neglect of other more important external factors. Based on the EFE the management will determine that the internal factor placed in EFE matrix can be controlled only in a limited way through internal inputs, thereby neglecting it to a large extent, resulting in a drop in performance in the particular field. Thus if labor relations has been placed wrongly in the EFE, the management will only consider external inputs that are likely to affect it such as legal statutes and central memorandums and neglect internal management possibly resulting in poor labor relations in the company. References David, Fred R. (1999) STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT. Electronically reproduced

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